Well, if you were to hack away at a troll with a mace, it would do significantly lower damage than it would to a non-blunt-resistant enemy. But, if you were to attack the troll with a sword of equal level and damage stat, it would do much more damage. And if you were to apply the same logic to a spear, it would do significantly higher damage than the sword or mace.
Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients under 35-years of age and the sixth leading cause of death worldwide. The majority of serious traumatic injuries are due to blunt trauma from motor vehicle crashes and pedestrian injuries. Severity is related to both the mechanism of injury as well as the underlying comorbidities of the patient. This activity describes the etiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of blunt force trauma and shows the importance of the interprofessional team in educating patients to prevent such injuries and effective management of such patients.
7 Days To Die Blunt Weaponsl
Objectives:Describe the etiology, epidemiology, and types of injuries sustained in blunt force trauma.Outline the clinical presentation and evaluation of patients with blunt force trauma.Explain the management strategies according to trauma guidelines in patients with blunt force trauma.Describe how an interprofessional team can collaborate to improve the rapid diagnosis, resuscitation, evaluation, and management of this condition and education of patients about safe driving to prevent blunt force trauma. Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
Trauma is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients under 35-years of age and the sixth leading cause of death worldwide. The majority of serious traumatic injuries are due to blunt trauma from motor vehicle crashes and pedestrian injuries. Falls are also an important cause, particularly in the elderly. Direct blows, assaults, and sporting injuries are also common. Non-accidental trauma is an important cause and should be suspected with certain presentations and injury patterns. Blunt impact to the body may result in a variety of injuries. Severity is related to both the mechanism of injury as well as the underlying comorbidities of the patient. Blunt impact injuries generally can be classified into four categories: contusion, abrasion, laceration, and fracture. [1][2][3]Blunt impact injuries are commonly seen in forensic autopsy practice, and appropriate interpretation of wounds is essential for accurate medicolegal testimony.
Blunt impact injuries result from direct contact of a blunt object with a body. A contusion results from the blunt impact of significant force to rupture capillaries underneath the skin surface while leaving the skin surface intact, while an abrasion results from scraping off of the superficial epidermis. Contusions and abrasions may show distinct patterns which can be used to match a specific wound to a potential weapon or implement; for example, a contusion over the forehead with multiple parallel, zig-zag lines may be matched to the sole of a shoe collected at the crime scene. A laceration results from the blunt impact of significant force to tear the skin, leaving strands of subcutaneous tissues bridging the wound. [4]Contusions and lacerations may also be present on internal organs. Blunt impact of significant force to a bone results in a fracture.
Blunt impact injuries are commonly seen in living and deceased patients. The appearance of wounds depends on multiple factors, including the force, speed, length of time of impact, the surface area of contact, and elasticity of tissues impacted. A large, crushing force applied to a sizable area over several minutes will result in vast tissue damage; for example, failure of the integrity of a retaining wall at a construction site will likely cause significant blunt impact injury if the wall collapses on and traps the legs of an individual. Alternatively, a smaller force applied to a smaller area will result in less tissue damage; for example, the impact of a thrown baseball to the shoulder of an individual will likely cause minor blunt trauma.
Patients presenting with acute blunt trauma should be carefully assessed to ensure serious injuries are not missed. This entails obtaining a history of mechanism, events, comorbidities, allergies, medications, and last meal. Primary, secondary, and tertiary surveys are important, with appropriate intervention and resuscitation as required.
Blunt impact injuries usually manifest immediately after impact; however, deep contusions may not be visible on the skin surface for several days after the injury occurs. Examination of adjacent or underlying subcutaneous soft tissues may aid in distinguishing between contusion, in which there will be hemorrhage due to rupture of blood vessels, and lividity, a postmortem change in which blood is contained within blood vessels. Characteristics of fractures and associated soft tissue and/or skeletal muscle injuries may aid in establishing directionality of the impact causing the wound; for example, bumper impact to a pedestrian's legs often results in comminuted fractures of the tibia and/or fibula with a triangular bone fragment pointing in the direction the vehicle was moving.
Diagnosis of various blunt impact injuries and estimation of time since the injury occurred are made by gross and microscopic examination of wounds. Recent blunt impact injuries are typically characterized by acute hemorrhage microscopically without evidence of organization or hemosiderin deposition, while older blunt impact injuries show evidence of red and white blood cell degeneration, fibroblast proliferation, and hemosiderin deposition.
Victims of blunt trauma who meet certain triage criteria have been demonstrated to have improved outcomes when managed in a trauma center. Patients with a Glasgow coma scale score greater than 13, respiratory rates less than 10/min. or greater than 29/min, or patients who need ventilatory support warrant triage to a trauma center. [9][10][11]Patients with two or more long bone fractures, crushed or pulseless extremities, amputations proximal to the ankle or wrist, pelvic fractures, paralysis, or depressed skull fractures warrant trauma center triage based on injuries. The mechanism is also important as victims of high-risk auto crashes, falls from heights, motorcycle crashes, and pedestrian accidents with significant impact should be managed in a trauma center. Elderly patients, pregnant patients, anticoagulated patients, and young children should be managed in trauma centers capable of providing specialized care.
Proper interpretation of blunt impact injuries at autopsy is essential for accurate medicolegal testimony. Patterned blunt impact injuries may aid in determining the specific type of weapon or implement used to create the wound.
Injury prevention is critical to decreasing morbidity and mortality due to traumatic injury. Campaigns promoting the use of seat-belts and motorcycle and bike helmets have proven to be effective in decreasing blunt traumatic injury.
The management of blunt force trauma patients is with an interprofessional team that includes a trauma surgeon, emergency department physician, nurse practitioner, anesthesiologist, internist, and specialty-trained emergency and trauma nurses. After the secondary survey is done by the team, other specialists can be consulted as appropriate. All over the U.S., hospitals now have protocols to manage blunt force trauma. The outcomes of these patients depend on their age, type of injury, other comorbidities, time to treatment and number of organs involved. While mortality rates have dropped over the past 3 decades, a significant number of trauma patients still die either at the scene or upon arrival to the trauma center.
Head injuries are the most common blunt force trauma injuries caused by motor vehicle accidents. The effects can include concussions, convulsions, vomiting, headaches, and internal bleeding in and around the brain. These injuries are not uncommon when a car or truck collides with a motorcyclist, bicyclist, or pedestrian. Common types of car accidents that can cause traumatic injuries like these include head-on collisions and swerving into oncoming traffic, especially when a car is speeding or a drunk driver has lost control of their vehicle.
Pedestrians often suffer the most damage from blunt force trauma in an auto-pedestrian accident no matter how fast the vehicle is traveling at the time of impact. Whether a car backs up or clips a pedestrian, their arms, back, head, legs, and stomach are usually injured. Blunt force to the limbs can cause bruising, severely broken bones, torn ligaments, and/or injuries that can cause the pedestrian to lose the use of the limb. Blunt force trauma to a pedestrian, depending on many factors, can even leave them paralyzed if hit in the back, neck, or other sensitive areas of the body.
You are not playing Fallout if you have not used Baseball Bat for the combat. This funny yet powerful melee weapon is a prominent entry in our list. West Virginians have always been the best baseball players until the bombs dropped. Thanks to the aftermath bombs left, there are not any game days in the sweet home of West Virginia. All that is left is howling monsters and survival of the fittest.
Electro Enforcer is a blunt melee weapon that does electric damage by swinging. Since it does not have a sharp edge, this weapon will not slice the enemies but instead focus on giving a stunning shock of electricity. The base variant at level 20 will grant standard damage of 20 and energy damage of 35. These double damage aspects of the weapon make it robust and more engaging among players.
Elena F Kranioti,1,2 1Department of Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; 2Edinburgh Unit of Forensic Anthropology, School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Abstract: Blunt force trauma is one of the most common injuries encountered by the forensic pathologist in a variety of scenarios such as transportation fatalities, jumping or falling from heights, blast injuries, and being struck by firm objects. Blunt force injuries located in the cranium are often associated with the cause of death which makes their examination of vital importance in the medicolegal investigation of death. This article aims to review the existing knowledge on the mechanism of cranial blunt force injuries and the associated fracture patterns in order to facilitate the interpretation of such injuries in skeletonized or heavily decomposed bodies where soft tissue is no longer available. Current developments on theory and practice are also discussed. Despite the evidenced progress made in the past decades, trauma analysis in medicolegal settings remains a very challenging task, especially in the absence of soft tissue. It is thus imperative to work toward developing repeatable and scientifically acceptable methods with known error rates, in order to meet the increasing demands of the judicial system on the admissibility of evidence and expert witness testimony. Keywords: cranial trauma, blunt force trauma, forensic anthropology, fracture, cranial injuries 2ff7e9595c
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